Science Energy Conceptual 12–13 yrs

Conduction, convection, and radiation

传导、对流与辐射

Description

Describe and compare the three mechanisms of heat transfer — conduction (particle vibration through solids), convection (fluid movement in liquids/gases), and radiation (infrared waves) — and explain that the rate of transfer depends on temperature difference

Mastery Evidence

✓ Explains the particle-level mechanism for conduction and why metals are good conductors
✓ Describes a convection current using particle theory and gives a real-world example
✓ Explains that all objects emit and absorb infrared radiation and how surface colour affects this
✓ States that a greater temperature difference increases the rate of heat transfer

Assessment Prompt

If your child was heating soup on a hob and also warming their hands by a radiator, could they explain which type of heat transfer is happening in each case — and why the soup pot gets hot throughout even though it’s only heated at the bottom?